| Source | Controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates |
| Shade | Yellow-brown to deep black |
| Solubility | Water-soluble |
| pH Stability | Excellent across ranges |
| Heat/Light | Excellent stability | Applications | Soft drinks (cola), bakery, sauces, confectionery, syrups | Shelf Life | 24 months |
| Packaging | Liquid, powder |